martin-courreges-fGfUJnZD3Mw-unsplash

The warmth of the sun’s rays may feel oh-so-good against your skin, but the exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays wreaks havoc on the deepest layers of skin. Over time, this leads to premature signs of aging (think: dark spots, lines and wrinkles, crepiness) and, more severely, [skin cancer](https://aedit.com/aedition/category/skin-cancer). Sunscreen is, obviously, the first line of defense from a protection perspective, but how can you treat the sun damage that’s already accrued?

When it comes to skincare, we talk a lot about products that can brighten, smooth, and protect the skin. From antioxidants to retinoids to sunscreen, over-the-counter and prescription topicals can improve the [skin tone](https://aedit.com/concern/uneven-skin-tone) and [skin texture](https://aedit.com/concern/uneven-skin-texture). So, is it enough to treat and minimize the effects of [sun damage](https://aedit.com/aedition/category/sun-damage)? Top dermatologists and a cosmetic chemist break down everything you need to know. 

## **Sun Damage 101**
We probably don’t need to tell you that UV rays damage the skin. Whether they are from the sun or tanning beds, UV rays have the ability to alter DNA at a cellular level. The way these changes appear on the skin are what we know colloquially as sun damage. The amount of damage the skin endures is directly correlated to the amount of time spent in the sun or exposed to UV radiation, says [Alicia Zalka, MD](https://www.instagram.com/zalkamd/?hl=en), board certified dermatologist and founder of [Surface Deep](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsurfacedeep.com%2F). “One mitigating factor is one’s own defense to ultraviolet’s oxidative damage to cells,” she explains. “This, in large part, is hereditary and linked to things such as one’s inherent melanin (pigment) content of the skin.”
 
Dr. Zalka compares sun damage to the odometer of a car. “Like the odometer, which cannot turn back miles driven, the skin cannot turn back ultraviolet damage deep within the skin,” she notes. But all is not lost for the car or your complexion. “However, like the vintage car with lots of miles that has been carefully maintained, the skin can be treated so that the wear and tear is less visible and potentially less dangerous,” she notes.

## **What Sun Damage Looks Like on the Skin**
Sun damage manifests on the surface of the skin in several forms. According to [Adriana Lombardi, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/adriana-lombardi-md-12670), a board certified dermatologist and founder of the Skin Cancer & Cosmetic Surgery Center of NJ, it falls into three buckets: 

1. Visible discoloration (think: [hyperpigmentation](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-hyperpigmentation-dark-spots-melasma)) 
2. Wrinkles
3. Erythema (read: redness)

More specifically, “the most common sign of sun damaged skin is photodamage known as solar lentigines, commonly called sun spots or liver spots,” says [Amy Spizuoco, DO](https://aedit.com/provider/amy-spizuoco-19341), a board certified dermatologist and founder of True Dermatology in New York City. “Rhytides, or wrinkles, are the second most common sign, followed by telangiectasia, which are dilated, superficial blood vessels, causing redness on the skin and dilated pores.” But that’s not all. “Additionally, [actinic keratosis](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-actinic-keratosis), which are precancerous pink rough bumps, develop on sites of chronic sun exposure,” notes [Jessica Weiser, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/jessica-weiser-md-34640), a board certified dermatologist and founder of Weiser Skin MD in NYC.

While everyone responds to UV radiation differently, the degree of skin tone and texture irregularities you experience is linked to the degree of sun damage (mild to risky) you’ve experienced. Dr. Zalka breaks it down this way:
 
- **Mild**: Scattered brown spots, lightly etched-in lines, slight loss of elasticity
- **Moderate**: “Widespread brown spots, many deep lines, skin texture roughness, and bumps, sagging,” Dr. Zalka notes.
- **Severe**: “Precancerous spots and brown blotches, uneven skin tone, severe skin sagging, deep wrinkles,” she shares.
- **Risky**: “Too many precancerous spots to count, multiple skin growths, dryness, paper-like skin, easy bruising, skin cancers develop,” Dr. Zalka explains.

We’re not sure if this will make you feel better or worse, but the sun damage you are concerned about now has been years in the making. “Studies show that sun damage shows up as long as 15 to 20 years after the sun exposure,” Dr. Weiser says. “This is why we see skin cancers many years after intense sun or repeat sunburns.” There is a reason for the delay. “When we get a sunburn or exposure to free radicals, the cells in our skin are subject to oxidative stress which can create DNA damage,” Dr. Lombardi explains. “The repercussions of this damage do not become apparent immediately because it takes several years for the cells to multiply and create the effects of sun damage.” 

## **Can Topical Skincare Really Treat Sun Damage?**  
The short answer is yes, but you must first make sure you know what you’re treating. “While deeper DNA damage may be challenging to treat and requires the care of a dermatologist, the more superficial manifestations of sun damage can be improved with skincare,” Dr. Zalka shares. To get a better sense of where your skin stands, pay a visit to your dermatologist for your [annual skin cancer screening](https://aedit.com/aedition/dermatologist-skin-cancer-screenings-mole-checks) and, throughout the year, do your own [at-home skin checks](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-conduct-at-home-self-examination-skin-cancer-screenings) to monitor for any unusual spots or changes to existing ones. 
 
With that in mind, it’s time to talk skincare – specifically, how you can use it to minimize the visible signs of sun damage (i.e. dark spots, [fine lines and wrinkles](https://aedit.com/concern/fine-lineswrinkles), redness, uneven skin texture). According to [Mona Gohara, MD](https://www.instagram.com/monagoharadermdoc/?hl=en), a board certified dermatologist in Connecticut, skincare products can certainly make a difference, but, as with any skin concern, it all comes down to using the right ingredients. Dr. Weiser agrees. “For overall improvements in skin tone and skin pigmentation, a variety of skincare products can be helpful,” she notes. All of our experts agree that the best actives for targeting sun damage are:

- Antioxidants 
- Retinol & retinoids 
- Sunscreen

Here’s what you need to know about the benefits of each:

### **Antioxidants**
Antioxidants have the unique ability to both correct current skin concerns and [protect against future damage](https://aedit.com/aedition/facts-about-vitamin-c-in-skincare). “Antioxidants are anti-inflammatory and can help the skin cells maintain normal DNA despite free radical exposure because they protect cellular DNA and help to prevent oxidative stress and free radical damage,” Dr. Lombardi explains. “Studies also show that [diets high in anti-inflammatories and antioxidants](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-food-impacts-skin-aging) also are protective to the skin and help prevent sun damage as well as [sunburn](https://aedit.com/aedition/dermatologist-tips-for-soothing-sunburn) and photoaging.”
 
It’s this multifunctionality that makes them a dermatologist favorite. “Using vitamin C and other such antioxidants can reduce free radical damage and simultaneously impede production of pigmentation,” Dr. Weiser says. In the antioxidant family, [vitamin C](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-vitamin-c-in-skincare) may get the lion’s share of attention, but it’s not the only one worth considering. “Topical antioxidants include vitamin C, [niacinamide](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-niacinamide-vitamin-b3-in-skincare), resveratrol, vitamin E, retinols, and other polyphenols,” Dr. Lombardi shares. Dr. Gohara is a fan of [vitamin E](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-vitamin-e-in-skincare) because it “reduces inflammation and helps your body regenerate cells.”
 
### **Retinol & Retinoids**
It often feels like [retinol and retinoids](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-vitamin-a-retinol-retinoids-in-skincare) are the answer to just about every skin concern, but, when it comes to sun damage, there is good reason to reach for vitamin A derivatives. “Topical retinoids have been proven to reverse the signs of sun damaged skin by shrinking pores, lightening sun spots, and increasing collagen production to minimize the appearance of wrinkles,” Dr. Spizuoco says. 
 
While you can see results with an over-the-counter retinol, prescription retinoids tend to be the most effective. “[Retin-A](https://aedit.com/procedure/tretinoin) has been shown to speed up epidermal turnover and therefore promotes the shedding of dead skin cells at the surface,” Dr. Weiser shares. “Additionally, retinoids stimulate the production of certain types of collagen to improve the skin quality.”
 
### **Sunscreen**
Sunscreen makes the list for several reasons. For starters, we never pass up an opportunity to remind you that you should be wearing SPF every single day regardless of the weather ([we’ve rounded up some dermatologist-approved formulas](https://aedit.com/aedition/dermatologist-approved-sunscreen-for-face-body)). “Ninety percent of the visible signs of aging and skin cancers come from unprotected *daily* exposure to UV rays,” Dr. Gohara says. “This means not just beach or pool, but if you are in your car, running errands, exercising, etc.“

It’s also the best defense against sun damage. “Any unprotected time outside is a potential compromise to skin health,” she notes. “Daily SPF, [regardless of skin type or color](https://aedit.com/aedition/bipoc-skin-cancer-awareness), is essential.” And don’t forget that the [reapplication of sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-apply-sunscreen-and-not-miss-a-spot) is as important as the first application. “While such products are instrumental in providing protection from ultraviolet damage both surface and deep, they must be used year-round and reapplied every few hours for maximum benefit,” Dr. Zalka emphasizes.
 
And, if you want your sunscreen to pull double duty, Dr. Spizuoco recommends looking for one of the many formulas on the market that does more than just protect ([here are some of the most innovative](https://aedit.com/aedition/best-sunscreens-of-2021)). “Some sunscreens contain ingredients that help repair sun damaged skin, such as [ISDIN Eryfotona](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isdin.com%2Fen-US%2Fsun-care%2Ftinted-mineral-sunscreen-spf-50-eryfotona-ageless-8429420156852.html),” she shares.
 
### **Additional Actives**
While antioxidants, retinoids, and sunscreen are the big three, there are additional ingredients that can effectively treat sun damage. If pigmentation is your concern, “topical cysteamine ([Cyspera® Intensive System](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fus.cyspera.com%2Fget-your-cyspera%2F)) has demonstrated excellent tolerability and nice improvements in skin tone and sun-associated hyperpigmentation,” Dr. Weiser says. Exfoliating acids – like [alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs)](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-alpha-hydroxy-acids-in-skincare) – can also improve skin tone and texture. Dr. Spizuoco is a fan of glycolic acid to “increase collagen production and lighten sun spots.” Additionally, “defensins, [peptides](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-peptides-in-skincare), and many other active ingredients have been shown to improve skin quality,” Dr. Weiser adds.

For more severe damage, prescription topicals may be required. “When medically necessary, some prescription agents, such as Imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil, and, more recently, Klisyri, are able to destroy precancerous cells and certain superficial skin cancers,” Dr. Weiser explains. A consultation with your dermatologist will provide diagnosis and determine if this is needed.
 
## **How Long Does It Take to See Results From Skincare?** 
Skincare products topically treat sun damage and are effective because, “on a topical level, our skin will shed away the dead layer every 28 days or so,” says cosmetic chemist [Ginger King](https://www.instagram.com/thebeautysharkginger/?hl=en). As such, patience – and consistency – is key. “Generally, to see noticeable skin quality improvements from topical treatments, I encourage patients to be consistent for three to six months with the same regimen,” Dr. Weiser notes. While that is a good timeline to keep in mind for treating cosmetic concerns, know that the protocol may be different for certain medical conditions. “For the prescription medications, different precancers and superficial non-melanoma skin cancers require different durations of treatment depending on the diagnosis,” she adds. 
 
Developing a routine that you know you can stick to is one of the best ways to reap the benefits. “To get the most protection from a skincare regimen high in antioxidants, you want to use it daily along with a [physical sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/difference-between-chemical-sunscreen-physical-mineral-sunscreen),” Dr. Lombardi shares. “Typically, it takes around about three months to see differences in the skin after starting an antioxidant regimen.” 
 
## **What In-Office Procedures Treat Sun Damage?**
While skincare can go a long way to minimize many signs of sun damage, it often works best when paired with [in-office treatments](https://aedit.com/aedition/cosmetic-procedures-treatments-to-correct-sun-damage). “A topical skincare regimen will help to protect and prevent future sun damage and will help to erase damage over time,” Dr. Lombardi says. “But, to get the best results, I typically combine in-office procedures with a good skincare regimen.”
 
Treatments that resurface the skin, improve pigmentation, and boost collagen production can address the uneven skin tone and texture concerns that accompany sun damage. “While topicals can effect slow subtle changes to the skin, in-office procedures – like [laser resurfacing](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-ablative-laser-skin-resurfacing) and photodynamic therapy – can deliver more significant changes in shorter time frames,” Dr. Weiser explains. “I frequently utilize a 1927 nm thulium resurfacing laser to provide both collagen stimulation and pigment improvement in as little as one to two sessions.”
 
Additionally, our experts are fans of [intense pulsed light (IPL)](https://aedit.com/procedure/ipl), chemical peels (Dr. Spizuoco specifically likes [glycolic acid peels](https://aedit.com/procedure/glycolic-peel)), and [microneedling with PRP](https://aedit.com/procedure/microneedling-with-prp). While professional treatments might speed up the results, they will not last without a solid at-home routine. “Emphasis needs to be placed on continuing a good skincare regimen at home,” Dr. Lombardi reiterates. “If a patient is exposed to free radical damage after a procedure, they can again have ‘sun damaged’ skin.” At the end of the day, a holistic approach is necessary. “The combination of a well-rounded topical skincare routine and in office procedures will yield the best improvements in sun damaged skin,” Dr. Weiser adds.
 
## **The Takeaway**
Preventing is always easier than correcting, but, with sun damage, we’re usually playing defense. “The sun damage we see in adulthood is from damage done in our youth, typically the cumulative sun exposure we experienced before age 18,” Dr. Spizuoco says. While that’s not an excuse to skimp on sunscreen, it does mean that you may also want some skin smoothing and toning ingredients in your skincare routine. You can’t go wrong with antioxidants and retinoids, but, during your annual skin checks with a board certified dermatologist, ask for their tips for at-home and in-office treatments, too.

*All products featured are independently selected by our editors, however, AEDIT may receive a commission on items purchased through our links.*


Expert Opinion

Antioxidants, retinoids, and sunscreen are just a few of the potent actives that can treat visible signs of sun damage on the skin.

The Best Skincare Ingredients To Treat Sun Damage

Can Your Skincare Routine Actually Reverse Sun Damage?

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[Hyperpigmentation](https://aedit.com/concern/uneven-skin-tone) is a lively topic these days — and for good reason. From post-acne inflammation to age spots, there are so many different types of dark marks. As such, it can be difficult to identify exactly what kind of pigmentation you’re dealing with. And, from there, it may take some trial and error to figure out the best course of treatment for it. Here, we tapped three top dermatologists to talk about what exactly hyperpigmentation is, the difference between the various types, and how to deal with it in the best way for your skin type. 

## **What Is Hyperpigmentation?**
In simplest terms, “hyperpigmentation refers to darkening of the skin because of an accumulation of melanin,” says [Joshua Zeichner, MD](http://www.zeichnerdermatology.com/), a board certified dermatologist in New York City. While it looks different on everyone, very few are immune to unwanted pigmentation. “Hyperpigmentation is a common condition that many people, at all ages, suffer from,” says [Paul Jarrod Frank, MD](https://pfrankmd.com/), a NYC-based board certified dermatologist, adding that the discoloration leads to an uneven skin tone that leaves many patients frustrated. 

One cause of the frustration may be that it can be difficult to pin down exactly where the pigmentation is coming from. As Dr. Zeichner explains, there are many causes of hyperpigmentation and a variety of ways to help treat it. Very often, it’s the result of too much sun exposure. But the reality is that it can be caused by almost disruption to the skin, including acne, rashes, and even hormonal changes (think: pregnancy, birth control), Dr. Frank shares.
 
While an at-home skincare routine that includes [daily sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-apply-sunscreen-and-not-miss-a-spot) (a non-negotiable) and a smattering of brightening and exfoliating active ingredients can go a long way, hyperpigmentation often requires professional intervention. “It can be difficult to treat with at-home or over-the-counter remedies, especially for patients with stubborn and extensive situations,” Dr. Frank says. “However, the appearance of hyperpigmentation can often be greatly reduced by treatments available at dermatologists’ offices.” 
 
Another important thing to know about hyperpigmentation? Treatment is rarely one and done. Pigmentation concerns tend to be ongoing and require a combination of at-home skincare and in-office treatments to manage. Patience and diligence are key, as is identifying exactly what type of hyperpigmentation you have… 
 
## **Types of Hyperpigmentation** 
Since ‘hyperpigmentation’ is an umbrella term, it’s important to drill down a little further and figure out what is causing your dark spots. While there are some treatments that will work across types, others can actually make matters worse. Consulting with a board certified dermatologist is the best way to determine what type of hyperpigmentation you have and how to treat it, but below is a primer to kickstart your conversation:
 
### **1. Sun Spots**
Whether you call them ‘sun spots,’ ‘liver spots,’ or ‘lentigines,’ these small, flat brown spots are caused by [damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays](https://aedit.com/aedition/cosmetic-procedures-treatments-to-correct-sun-damage). “Under the microscope, these spots actually show an increase in the number of the pigment producing cells,” Dr. Zeichner says. This is in contrast to [freckles](https://aedit.com/aedition/whats-the-difference-between-freckles-and-sun-spots), “which have a normal number of pigment producing cells that are just overactive,” he adds. The common locations for this type of hyperpigmentation are the face, chest, arms, and hands, says [Mona Gohara, MD](https://dermatologyofct.com/about/our-providers/mona-gohara-m-d/), a board certified dermatologist in Hamden, CT. It’s also more likely to occur in light skin. 
 
The fact of the matter is that it’s just about impossible to avoid sun spots. “If we lived in a bubble, we would never have these!” Dr. Gohara quips. To prevent this type of hyperpigmentation from cropping up uninvited, she [recommends](https://aedit.com/aedition/dermatologist-approved-sunscreen-for-face-body) wearing a broad spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher and reapplying every two hours (or more often if swimming or sweating) “365 days a year, regardless of weather.”
 
The earlier you treat lentigines, the better. “Spots that have been present for extended periods of time often can only be treated effectively with lasers,” Dr. Zeichner says. But that doesn’t mean a solid skincare regimen doesn’t have value. Nighttime is the best time to use products and those to help with hyperpigmentation, such as [retinoids](https://aedit.com/procedure/tretinoin) and [alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs)](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-alpha-hydroxy-acids-in-skincare). “These products will encourage cell turnover and leave the skin smooth and exfoliated,” Dr. Frank says.  
 
### **2. Melasma**
“[Melasma](https://aedit.com/concern/melasma) is brown blotches that most commonly occur on the face, cheek, or around the jaw,” Dr. Gohara says. It’s also possible to see it on the temples and upper lip, the latter of which can make it appear like a mustache, Dr. Zeichner adds. While it’s quite common, its exact cause is unknown. “Melasma is determined by your genetics and is influenced by hormonal fluctuations,” Dr. Zeichner explains. “It often gets worse in times when estrogen levels increase, such as [during pregnancy](https://aedit.com/aedition/most-common-skin-hair-conditions-during-pregnancy) or when taking a birth control pill.” This is why melasma is often referred to as the ‘mask of pregnancy.’ Other potential culprits? Heat exposure, UV rays, and [blue light](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-treat-blue-light-damage) from computers, cell phones and light bulbs.
 
Melasma is more common in melanated skin, and, to treat it, Dr. Gohara recommends a variety of brightening and lightening topicals — including [retinoids](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-vitamin-a-retinol-retinoids-in-skincare), [antioxidants](https://aedit.com/aedition/facts-about-vitamin-c-in-skincare), licorice root extract, and [hydroquinone](https://aedit.com/aedition/giude-to-hydroquinone) — and, of course, sunscreen. “SPF is non-negotiable, preferably [mineral](https://aedit.com/aedition/difference-between-chemical-sunscreen-physical-mineral-sunscreen) with an element of [iron oxides](https://aedit.com/aedition/iron-oxides-for-visible-light-protection) to protect against blue light,” she says. Dr. Zeichner agrees: “Sunscreen is always important because even small amounts of UV light exposure can undo weeks of improvement with topicals.” 
 
There are also [in-office procedures](https://aedit.com/procedure/melasma-solutions), such as peels and lasers,  that can help, though it’s important to be treated by a provider who is well versed in treating melasma because it’s easy to exacerbate the condition.
 
### **3. Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)**
Dr. Zeichner says to think of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) like a stain in the skin. “Any type of inflammation in the skin, ranging from a [burn](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-treat-first-second-third-degree-burns) to [acne](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-treat-acne-induced-post-inflammatory-hyperpigmentation), can heal with a dark blotch in that area,” he explains. These marks can last for several months or even years — making them, in some cases, even more bothersome than the original condition. Generally speaking, lighter skin types experience PIH that is more pink or red in color, while darker skin types have purple, brown, or black marks.
 
Because this type of discoloration occurs *after* the skin is somehow inflamed, Dr. Gohara advises treating the underlying condition first. Even though PIH tends to fade over time, Dr. Frank says it’s always best to treat the spots right after they occur with an energy-based device. For red marks, he likes to use a vascular laser (either the [Vbeam](https://aedit.com/procedure/pulsed-dye-laser) or the [Excel® V](https://aedit.com/procedure/excel-v), to be exact). For brown PIH, he likes to use the Pico Genesis™. It all depends on the color of the post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, he says. 

When it comes to topical skincare, Dr. Frank says AHAs and retinoids can be helpful in treating red marks on lighter skin. “For darker skin types, where the mark is more brown, I recommend AHAs, hydroquinone, kojic acid, arbutin, or a combination of these ingredients,” he shares. His [PFRANKMD Vanishing Stick](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpfrankmd.com%2Fvanishing-stick%2F), for example, is formulated with arbutin, kojic acid, and [vitamin C](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-vitamin-c-in-skincare). “The ingredients work synergistically to help visibly brighten, lighten, and tighten skin for a more even, glowing appearance,” he says. 
 
Similarly, Dr. Zeichner says to look for ingredients that disrupt melanin production. “Retinol enhances cell turnover and hydroxy acids, like glycolic acid, have an exfoliating effect,” he explains. [Niacinamide](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-niacinamide-vitamin-b3-in-skincare), licorice root extract, and [tranexamic acid](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-topical-oral-tranexamic-acid-in-skincare), meanwhile, “help calm inflammation,” he adds. He likes the [Bliss Bright Idea Vitamin C + Tri-Peptide Serum](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulta.com%2Fp%2Fbright-idea-vitamin-c-tri-peptide-collagen-protecting-brightening-serum-pimprod2014641), [Rodan + Fields Reverse Tone Correcting Treatment](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rodanandfields.com%2Fen-us%2Fshop%2Freverse-tone-correcting-treatment%2Fp%2FRVTTG50), and [Pond's Clarant B3 Dark Spot Correcting Cream](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walmart.com%2Fip%2FPond-s-Dark-Spot-Corrector-Clarant-B3-Normal-to-Dry-Skin-7-oz%2F14178846) for at-home care.

## **The Takeaway**
No two hyperpigmentation cases are the same, but Dr. Zeichner says there are some basic treatment tenets that remain true regardless of what’s causing it. “First, you want to reduce inflammation in the skin; second, you want to block production of abnormal pigmentation; and third, you want to enhance cell turnover to help the skin shed the darkly pigmented cells,” he says. This can be achieved through a combination of professional solutions and topical skincare, so it’s important to [consult](https://aedit.com/aedition/skin-care-questions-for-your-dermatologist) with a board certified dermatologist to develop the best treatment protocol for your needs.

Wellness

From sun spots to melasma and everything in between, we’re breaking down what you need to know about the most common pigmentation conditions and how to treat them.

Guide To Treating Hyperpigmentation And Dark Spots

The Ultimate Guide To Dark Spots And Hyperpigmentation

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Nine dermatologists share their expert tips for soothing sunburns and minimizing sun-induced skin damage.

Dermatologist Tips For Soothing Sunburn

9 Dermatologists Share Expert Tips For Soothing Sunburn

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Regular skin cancer screenings — both [in-office with your dermatologist](https://aedit.com/aedition/dermatologist-skin-cancer-screenings-mole-checks) and [at-home in front of your mirror](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-conduct-at-home-self-examination-skin-cancer-screenings) — are a vital part of preventative medicine. Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in the United States, but it’s also often considered the most preventable. While we place a lot of emphasis on how to spot melanoma (the most dangerous form of skin cancer), it’s equally as important to be familiar with the warning signs of the [skin growths](https://aedit.com/concern/birthmarks-and-moles) that can turn into squamous and basal cell carcinoma. 

From diagnosis to treatment, we’re breaking down everything you need to know about actinic keratosis (AK), the most common pre-cancer that forms on skin damaged by chronic exposure to ultraviolet rays (read: the sun) .

## **What Is Actinic Keratosis?**
Actinic keratoses (also known as solar keratoses) are pre-cancers that exhibit as scaly patches on your skin due to years of sun exposure. They are most commonly found on the face, lips, ears, neck, scalp, and the backs of the hands. If left untreated, they can turn into squamous cell carcinoma – the second most common form of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma. 

[According to the Skin Cancer Foundation](https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/), 58 million Americans have one or more AK and 5 to 10 percent of those spots become canercous. “These rough patches are early warning signs saying, ‘catch us before we turn into cancer,’” explains [Adriana Lombardi, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/adriana-lombardi-md-12670), a board certified dermatologist at the Skin Cancer & Cosmetic Surgery Center of New Jersey. “We want to treat them as soon as we see them, so they don’t have a chance.” 

People who have a long history of [sunburns](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-relieve-and-treat-sunburn) or who have used tanning beds often begin noticing actinic keratoses around or after the age of 50. This is especially true of those with fair skin. The longer they sit on the top layer of your skin, the thicker and deeper they get. No surprise here, that makes them more difficult to remove.  

### **Why It's Often Misdiagnosed**
Actinic keratosis can look like (and be mistaken for) a rash since it presents as dry, scaly patches. To avoid the trapping, “it’s important for people to understand what to look for when checking their skin for signs of cancer,” says [Angela Lamb, MD](https://angelalambmd.com/about/), a board certified dermatologist in New York City. 

There’s a lot of awareness around the [ABCDE’s of melanoma](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-conduct-at-home-self-examination-skin-cancer-screenings) (asymmetry, border, color, diameter, and evolving) for early detection. But, when it comes to squamous and basal cell carcinoma, there are other things to keep an eye out for. “I tell my patients to look for any sudden changes like bleeding, itching, and burning,” she explains.  

## **How to Treat Actinic Keratosis**
Once actinic keratosis is identified, there are different treatment options. Which one is best for you will depend on a few key factors:

1. The number of lesions you have
2. Your skin type
3. The time of year

Your dermatologist may freeze it off in the office with liquid nitrogen. Usually, a spot that is frozen off won’t return. If it does, then it’s time to consider a biopsy to make sure there’s nothing deeper to be concerned about. 

Aminolevulinic acid is often employed to [treat large areas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29407554/), while topical chemotherapy or anti-inflammatory agents can be used at home for eight to 12 weeks. Both Dr. Lombardi and Dr. Lamb recommend following up with your dermatologist every three to six months for checkups after treatment for AK to monitor the treatment area and check the body for new spots.  

## **How to Prevent Actinic Keratosis**
Actinic keratoses are the result of years of cumulative damage, so, once they appear, there is little you can do to prevent them. With that said, you can seek to avoid them all together by adopting a proactive skincare and sun care routine [from a young age](https://aedit.com/aedition/best-skincare-routine-products-ingredients-for-20s). “The number one thing you can do to help prevent actinic keratosis is start using sunscreen at an early age and be diligent about reapplying,” Dr. Lombardi says. 

It goes without saying that avoiding sun exposure all together is best, but, when you can’t, staying protected is the next best thing. That means [topical sunscreen application](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-apply-sunscreen-and-not-miss-a-spot), wearing protective clothing (think: sunglasses, hats, and [clothing with an ultraviolet protection factor](https://aedit.com/aedition/2020-sunscreen-sun-care-innovations)), and even beefing up your [supplement routine](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-dietary-supplements-can-benefit-the-skin). Dr. Lombardi suggests adding an ingestible antioxidant, like [Heliocare](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walgreens.com%2Fstore%2Fc%2Fheliocare-daily-use-antioxidant-formula%2FID%3Dprod6167670-product) or [Isdin Sunisdin](https://go.skimresources.com?id=170670X1638612&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isdin.com%2Fen-US%2Fsun-care%2Fsunisdin-softgel-capsules-8429420190009.html), to your daily regimen to fortify skin from the inside out.

In case you needed another excuse to treat yourself to a resurfacing procedure, doing regular [chemical peels](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-superficial-medium-deep-chemical-peels) and [laser treatments](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-ablative-laser-skin-resurfacing) can help treat pre-cancers by removing the top layer of the skin.

## **The Takeaway**
At the end of the day, we cannot emphasize enough how important it is to [consult your dermatologist](https://aedit.com/aedition/skin-care-questions-for-your-dermatologist) whenever you notice something that isn’t quite right with your skin. If you’re concerned about rough, scaly patches, they will be able assess the area and suggest the best course of action.

*All products featured are independently selected by our editors, however, AEDIT may receive a commission on items purchased through our links.*

When it comes to the warning signs of skin cancer, it’s not just about the ABCDE’s of melanoma. Top dermatologists explain what you need to know about diagnosing and treating actinic keratosis.

Actinic (Solar) Keratosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

What You Need To Know About Actinic Keratosis

federico-giampieri-akvIvA4ZEeg-unsplash

Sunburns happen to the best of us. No matter how high an SPF you use or how often you reapply [sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/what-you-need-to-know-about-sunscreen), small (or not so small) areas of skin always seem to evade the application process. Whether you’re as red as a lobster or just a bit toastier than you’d like to be, the inflammatory effects of too much sun can range from itchiness and tenderness to peeling and blistering. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to make the healing process a bit more comfortable. 

## **How Sunburns Happen**
Before we get into the treatment options, it’s important to understand how you got here in the first place. As the [Skin Cancer Foundation explains](https://www.skincancer.org/risk-factors/sunburn/#:~:text=or%20more%20sunburns.-,What%20is%20sunburn%3F,your%20unprotected%20sun%2Dexposed%20skin.), sunburn is an inflammatory reaction to ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage to the outer layers of the skin. Both suntans and sunburns are signs of damage. But, depending on the amount of melanin a person produces, they may be more prone to one or the other. While those with less melanin (think: [fair and light skin tones](https://aedit.com/aedition/guide-to-fitzpatrick-skin-types)) might be likely to burn, no one is immune to [sun damage](https://aedit.com/aedition/cosmetic-procedures-treatments-to-correct-sun-damage).

## **The Effects of Sunburns**
In the short term, sunburned skin can range from mild redness to severe blistering. Even light burns can peel (it’s the way the body rids itself of the damaged cells), but it’s important to never peel the skin yourself. It will flake off naturally. 

If you are dealing with a sunburn that is blistered or covers a large portion of the body, you should seek medical attention. “If the skin gets infected — indicated by red streaks from the blister or swelling or pus — call a doctor,” says [Cheryl Karcher, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/cheryl-karcher-md-4323), a board certified dermatologist in New York City. “If you have a fever, headache, severe pain, dehydration, confusion, nausea, or chills, you should also see a doctor.” Otherwise, you can likely follow the steps below to care for your skin at home. 

While sunburns are a temporary condition, they cause long-lasting damage to the skin. Not only does sun damage result in fine lines, wrinkles, and sun spots, but UV radiation from the sun is also the leading [cause of skin cancer](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-conduct-at-home-self-examination-skin-cancer-screenings). 

## **How to Relieve and Treat Sunburns** 
Staying burn-free is always the preferred option, but properly caring for a sunburn is the next best thing. Assuming your condition does not rise to the severity described above, here are steps you can take to relieve and treat sunburns:

### **1. Seek Shade Immediately**
Let’s start by stating the obvious: As soon as you realize you’ve gotten too much sun, it’s time to seek shade. Additional sun exposure can lead to second-degree burns (or worse), which are more difficult to treat and increase your risk of skin cancer and melanoma. Immediate signs of a severe sunburn include fever, chills, blisters, dizziness, and fatigue and require medical attention.

### **2. Hydrate**
When you are sunburned, you are more at risk for dehydration. As a result, it is important to rehydrate and replenish electrolytes by drinking extra liquids. But not any beverage will do. Avoid diuretics, like alcohol and caffeine, which are dehydrating.

### **3. Cool the Affected Area** 
You can treat sunburns with the same cool water and compresses you would employ for any other burn. The [American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommends](https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/injured-skin/burns/treat-sunburn) taking frequent cool baths or showers to help relieve the pain. Just make sure to pat (not rub!) yourself dry — rubbing can further irritate the burn. If you’re looking for soothing *and* itch relief, Dr. Karcher recommends oatmeal baths (the [Aveeno Soothing Oatmeal Bath Treatment For Itchy, Dry Skin](https://www.aveeno.com/products/soothing-bath-treatment) is her favorite) or adding two-ounces of baking soda to the tub.

### **4. Moisturize**
Immediately after applying a cool compress or taking a cool shower, apply a gentle moisturizer to the skin. Putting the product on damp skin will help trap moisture and ease dryness. For added sunburn relief, store the moisturizing cream (Dr. Karcher likes [Hawaiian Tropic After Sun Lotion](http://www.hawaiiantropic.com/sun-care-products/hawaiian-tropic-weightless-after-sun-lotion) and [Aquaphor Healing Ointment](https://www.aquaphorus.com/healing-ointment/)) in the refrigerator. The chilled lotion will feel refreshing against the warm area of skin. 

### **5. Apply Aloe Vera Gel**
Aloe vera is a tried-and-true sunburn treatment for a reason. Clinical evidence suggests that, when applied topically, the clear gel from the aloe vera plant can promote the healing of first- and second-degree burns (i.e. mild to moderate sunburns). Like the moisturizer hack, storing it in the fridge offers additional relief. Dr. Karcher suggests applying [Banana Boat Soothing Aloe After Sun Gel](https://www.walmart.com/ip/Banana-Boat-Soothing-Aloe-After-Sun-Gel-with-Aloe-Vera-16-oz/10533319) after a bath or shower.

### **6. Take Pain Relievers, as needed**
Over-the-counter (OTC) anti-inflammatory oral medications and topical hydrocortisone steroid creams can both be incorporated into a sunburn treatment protocol. They won’t make your sunburn go away, but they will offer pain and itch relief. While aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil®) will reduce discomfort or swelling, lidocaine and benzocaine should be avoided. According to Dr. Karcher, they can cause an allergic reaction and do more harm to the skin.

### **7. Wear Loose, Organic Fabrics**
If you’ve ever had a bad sunburn, you probably know that some fabrics feel better than others on the highly sensitized skin. “I like a very loose, light cotton garment for a sunburn,” Dr. Karcher says. On the flip side, steer clear of synthetic fabrics, like polyester, that don’t breathe. “These would make you sweat and could make things worse,” she shares. When outdoors, wear clothing that is tightly woven and has an [ultraviolet protection factor (UPF)](https://aedit.com/aedition/2020-sunscreen-sun-care-innovations) of at least 50. It’s the best way to protect active sunburns and prevent future ones.

### **8. Resist the Urge to Peel** 
Peeling and blistering are both side effects of moderate to severe sunburns, and it’s important to resist the urge to pick or peel the damaged skin. “If the skin blisters, do not pick it,” Dr. Karcher warns. Indicative of a second-degree burn, “the actual blisters will help your skin heal and protect you from infection,” she explains. If infection is a concern, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics or Silvadene ointment, and Dr. Karcher also recommends taking oral antihistamines — like Allegra®, Zyrtec®, or Benadryl® (at night) — to ease the itchiness that may lead to open blisters.

### **9. Avoid Getting Sunburned Again** 
It’s unrealistic to think you’re never going to go outside again (or is it in this COVID-19 era?). Regardless, you have to plan accordingly and practice safe sun to avoid getting burned. Follow our [guide to applying sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/how-to-apply-sunscreen-and-not-miss-a-spot), which advocates: 

- Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen of SPF 30 or higher
- Reapply every two hours or immediately after swimming
- Seek shaded areas and avoid direct sunlight (especially between 10am and 4pm)
- Wear protective clothing, like sunglasses, wide-brimmed hats, and long sleeves

If you’re still craving a sun-kissed glow, we get it. There are plenty of ways to achieve it sans sun, and these [self tanners for face and body](https://aedit.com/aedition/best-self-tanners-for-face-body-summer-2020) are sure to have people inquiring about your beach vacation — whether you took one or not.

*All products featured are independently selected by our editors, however, AEDIT may receive a commission on items purchased through our links.*

Sunburns happen to the best of us. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to make the healing process a bit more comfortable. 

How To Relieve And Treat Sunburns 

9 Ways To Relieve And Treat Sunburn 

shutterstock 654533584

Labor Day has come and gone, which means the unofficial end of summer is upon us. And whether your warm-weather plans included beach days, farmer’s market jaunts, camping trips, or outdoor runs, there is little doubt you’ve soaked up a bit of sun. And while lathering up with a [broad-spectrum sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/best-most-innovative-sunscreens-for-summer) is a necessary first line of defense, most people don’t apply enough and/or forget to reapply throughout the day. The result? DNA-altering damage that persists well after the sun goes down.

A [2015 Yale University study](https://news.yale.edu/2015/02/19/sunlight-continues-damage-skin-dark) found that sunlight can continue to affect the skin whether you’re back inside or not. UV rays from the sun or tanning beds can damage the DNA in melanocytes (the cells that make the melanin that gives skin its color), and that danger lingers for hours after exposure. The damage is a major cause of [skin cancer](https://aedit.com/aedition/category/skin-cancer) (i.e. the most common form of cancer in the U.S.), and it can also cause an overproduction of melanin that leads to dark spots and hyperpigmentation. 

Even more alarming? The visible sun damage that begins to manifest as said dark spots in your thirties and forties may be the byproduct of childhood fun in the sun. “Sun damage occurs very early on, and we know now through research, that you could have had a sunburn as a child and years later it could show up as a melanoma,” says Philadelphia-based plastic surgeon [Jason Bloom, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/jason-bloom-md-2248), who recommends daily sunscreen application and a yearly skin check with a dermatologist as precautions.

During a [skin cancer screening](https://aedit.com/aedition/dermatologist-skin-cancer-screenings-mole-checks), a dermatologist will look for any new spots or changes to existing ones, but you can be vigilant at home, too. “Pay attention to a mole that’s getting bigger, or darker or changing, or itchy, or bleeding,” says Dr. Bloom, for the abnormalities could be warning signs.

While first establishing that hyperpigmentation is benign is paramount, cosmetic concerns related to sunspots may endure. The [2018 Survey on Dermatologic Procedures](https://www.asds.net/skin-experts/news-room/press-releases/asds-members-performed-more-than-125-million-treatments-in-2018) from the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS) found that sun damage treatments were up 63 percent in the last two years alone.

[Jonathan Cabin, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/jonathan-cabin-md-956), a facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon in Arlington, VA, says that the visible damage caused by UV rays presents as “areas of hyperpigmentation or sunspots that are typically shades of brown and red.” But that’s not all. Dr. Cabin says that “poor skin quality” in the form of “thin or inelastic skin” and “wrinkling” is also common. 

So, what are the best ways to restore even skin tone and texture? Here, a guide to the best in-office and at-home treatments to improve the appearance of sun damage.

## __In-Office Procedures__ 
Often times, the most effective treatment protocol for sun damage is a multi-modal one. Below are some of the professional procedures that address visible signs of photoaging.

### __Chemical Peels__
Used to treat everything from acne to wrinkles, [chemical peels](https://aedit.com/procedure/medium-depth-chemical-peels) work by employing a blend of acids to chemically exfoliate the skin. The entire process is relatively simple and can be customized for more tailored results. 

During the treatment, your provider will determine the solution strength best suited for your skin type and concern. Formulas range from relatively [mild alpha- and beta-hydroxy acid cocktails](https://aedit.com/procedure/superficial-chemical-peels) to deeper [trichloroacetic](https://aedit.com/procedure/tca-peel) and carbolic acids. Patients may experience tingling and/or burning sensations during the treatment. 

While a [strong peel](https://aedit.com/procedure/deep-chemical-peels) may only require one session (but months of downtime), milder versions often call for multiple visits, and professional sessions cost anywhere from $300 to $3,000 depending on the strength. In the days following the peel, dead skin cells will begin to flake off, leaving behind a smoother and brighter complexion. 

The tried-and-true treatment is great for improving skin tone for patients of all ages, but Dr. Bloom is particularly fond of the preventative benefits of peeling. “I encourage my millennial patients to start early on getting [glycolic](https://aedit.com/procedure/glycolic-peel), fruit, and [salicylic peels](https://aedit.com/procedure/salicylic-acid-peel),” says. Dr. Bloom. “It helps maintain a healthy visage and takes off any signs of early sun damage and aging.”

### __Microneedling with Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)__
Commonly known as the ‘[vampire facelift](https://aedit.com/procedure/vampire-facelift),’ this ever-popular treatment option can correct sun damage — in addition to all its other anti-aging benefits. “With one or more treatments, we can make fine lines and wrinkles fade,” says Dr. Bloom. “The result is glowing, healthy, and even skin.”

A standard [microneedling](https://aedit.com/procedure/microneedling) session involves the practitioner rolling a handheld device covered in fine needles over the surface of the skin to create micro-punctures. While that process alone stimulates collagen production and improves skin health, the addition of platelet-rich plasma (a.k.a. PRP) only improves the results. 

The two-part [microneedling with PRP](https://aedit.com/procedure/microneedling-with-prp) procedure first involves a medical professional drawing five to 15 milliliters of blood from the patient (Dr. Bloom says the collection is done in the office) that is put into a centrifuge to isolate the platelets that will form the PRP solution. After microneedling the affected area, the practitioner will massage the PRP blend into the skin so that it can penetrate the micro-wounds created by the dermaroller. 

The treatment lasts about 30 to 45 minutes, and a bit of redness or swelling may persist for a few days. Sessions cost around $750 each.

### __Lasers__
[Laser skin resurfacing](https://aedit.com/procedure/ablative-nonfractional-lasers) is one of the most effective corrective procedures available, but, since the laser market runs deep, it can be confusing to know where to start. While consulting with a board certified dermatologist or plastic surgeon will ensure that you get the right treatment for your skin type and the severity of your concern, [Sejal Shah, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/sejal-shah-md-17984), of Manhattan’s SmarterSkin Dermatology, says CO2, Fraxel, and picosecond lasers are among the most popular for targeting the “wrinkles, textural changes, and pigmentation” caused by UV damage.

- __CO2 Lasers__: A popular laser for skin resurfacing, [carbon dioxide lasers](https://aedit.com/procedure/ablative-co2-laser) are used to tackle deep wrinkles, age spots, and enlarged pores caused by sun exposure. The latest generation of the technology uses either short pulsed light energy or continuous light beams to remove thin layers of skin with minimal impact to the surrounding tissue. While recovery can take several weeks, the results can last several years. “A single treatment cost $3,500, but I do recommend maintenance with a lighter laser,” says Dr. Shah. 

- __Erbium Lasers__: Safer for darker skin tones than their CO2 counterparts, [erbium lasers](https://aedit.com/procedure/ablative-erbium-laser) can treat superficial to moderately deep lines and wrinkles on the face, hands, neck, and chest. “A non-ablative fractionated 2940 nm erbium laser is a powerful device for skin rejuvenation, fine lines, wrinkles, and acne scars,” says [Samer Jaber, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/samer-jaber-md-3882), of Washington Square Dermatology in NYC. Post-procedure downtime usually lasts no longer than a week with minimal swelling and/or bruising possible. 

- __Fraxel Lasers__: With the ability to address everything from hyperpigmentation and wrinkles to acne scars all over the body, the energy from a [Fraxel laser](https://aedit.com/procedure/fraxel-repair) creates microscopic beams of energy that target only a fraction (hence, the name) of skin at a time. “I usually recommend three to five sessions, and then yearly maintenance,” says Dr. Shah. Each treatment costs an average of $1,000 with up to a week of downtime.

- __Picosecond Lasers__: While this laser type is most commonly associated with tattoo removal thanks to its ability to shatter pigment in all skin types, it can also be used to target specific dark spots on the skin. [Picosecond lasers](https://aedit.com/procedure/nonablative-fractional-lasers) release energy in short nanosecond bursts without cooling the skin's surface, so the energy reaches multiple layers of skin. “I usually recommend three to six sessions,” says Dr. Shah, who adds that each can cost about $750. The quick visits last 15 to 20 minutes, and it can take up to a week for the treated brown spots to flake off.

### __Ultherapy__
If you are looking for a procedure that can address skin laxity — not just tone and texture — [Ultherapy](https://aedit.com/procedure/ultrasound-skin-tighteningultherapy) is a popular non-invasive option for lifting and tightening loose skin without downtime. “Ultrasound energy heats the deep layers of the skin, creating micro-injuries to the same layer that is lifted during a facelift,” explains Dr. Jaber. “As the skin heals, new collagen is produced creating a lift.”

In addition to providing a firming effect on parts of the face (think: brow and chin) and neck, Ultherapy can also improve the appearance of lines and wrinkles on the décolletage. The procedure takes anywhere from 30 to 90 minutes depending on the treatment area, and the cost starts at around $1,000. It can take up to six months for the full effects to become visible, and patients may opt for maintenance treatments every one to two years. 

## __At-Home Care__
Not every sun damage treatment requires a trip to the dermatologist or plastic surgeon. A good skincare regimen not only complements whatever professional procedures you have opted to have done but also helps to prevent future damage. Oh, and it all starts with — you guessed it — [sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/what-you-need-to-know-about-sunscreen). 

“I can’t stress enough how important sunscreen is for everyday use,” says Dr. Bloom, who recommends applying a broad-spectrum formulaSPF 30 or higher to *all* visible skin (think: shoulders, legs, hands, tops of feet) — not just the face. 

And there’s a lot more where that came from. Topical antioxidants in the form of vitamins C and E are known for their brightening effect, in addition to providing a much-needed line of defense against free radical damage. A vitamin A derivative like retinol is also great for treating visible signs of aging like hyperpigmentation, lines, and wrinkles, and keeping skin hydrated is also a must. “I encourage the use of topical antioxidants, moisturizers, and retinoids,” says Dr. Shah, to address skin tone and texture. 

Aesthetics

With Labor Day in the rearview mirror, it’s time to atone for those summer skin sins. Here, The AEDITION breaks down the best minimally invasive treatments and procedures to improve the appearance of the damage caused by the sun.

The Best Cosmetic Procedures And Treatments To Correct Sun Damage

The Best Cosmetic Procedures To Correct Sun Damage

shutterstock 220138753-min

Have you ever wondered what the difference between a freckle and a sun spot is? Here's what you need to know and how to treat them.

## **What Are Freckles?**

Freckles are small dark spots, usually less than five millimeters in diameter, where the skin cells have produced extra pigmentation. Most freckles are uniform in color, but they vary depending on skin tone. They can be red, tan, light brown, dark brown, black, or any color that is darker than the person’s skin color. That is typically why people with pale skin have a more reddish hue to their freckles. 

A person’s ability to make freckles is due to genetics. For instance, if your parents have freckles, it is likely that you will have freckles too. Although freckles are hereditary, they are activated by sun exposure. If someone has the freckle gene (MC1R), they must spend time in the sun in order to produce freckles. A person without the freckle gene will not produce freckles regardless of if they are in the sun or not.

Freckles actually serve a purpose. In a way, they act as  a sunscreen and are a natural way to block the UV rays from penetrating the deeper layers of the skin. They are not a sign of sun damage but are there to protect areas of the skin that are particularly sensitive to ultraviolet light. With that in mind, if you have a lot of freckles, that is a good indicator that you should be [applying sunscreen regularly and generously](https://aedit.com/aedition/what-you-need-to-know-about-sunscreen) to prevent sun damage. 

## **What Are Sun Spots?**

The quickest way to differentiate a brown spot from a freckle or sun spot is by evaluating the size. Sun spots are typically larger in size (0.2 to 2.0 centimeters) and are most commonly found on the hands, face, shoulders, back, arms, and tops of feet. They are also more common with age, which is why they're often called age spots, senile lentigines, or liver spots. They are larger because they are comprised of multiple pigmented cells lumped together. 



The good news about sun spots is that they are not always permanent. Sometimes they can fade if the sun is avoided for a long enough period of time. Prevention is always better than [curing](https://aedit.com/aedition/cosmetic-procedures-treatments-to-correct-sun-damage), though and can be done by limiting sun exposure, using sunscreen liberally, and avoiding artificial tanning in the form of sunbeds

## **What Are The Differences Between Freckles and Sun Spots?**

While freckles are more visible on lighter skin types, they are actually linked to the same gene responsible for complexion. The MC1R gene not only controls the likelihood of freckles but also it is responsible for skin color and hair color, particularly for those with red hair. Similarly, people with lighter complexions are also most susceptible to develop sun spots. The key difference is that sun spots are more common among older populations and can start forming on someone in their mid-thirties. With repeated sun exposure over the years, the skin cells start to produce melanin, forming the sun spots. 

Additionally, the lifespan of freckles and sun spots is different. Freckles typically fade away with age and even seasons whereas sun spots tend to stick around longer. Because of this, sun spots may require skin treatments for removal.

## **Are They Harmful?**

Fortunately, neither freckles or sun spots are harmful. Even though they are benign, it is still important to monitor their appearance to make sure there are no irregularities or changes which could indicate malignant melanoma (skin cancer). Should you notice any changes, it is important to schedule a visit with your board certified dermatologist to be on the safe side.

## **Removing Sun Spots**

Should you have unwanted sun spots that have not gone away over time, in-office skin treatments like [intense pulsed light treatment (IPL)](https://aedit.com/procedure/ipl), [laser therapy](https://aedit.com/procedure/profractional-laser-therapy), [chemical peels](https://aedit.com/procedure/superficial-chemical-peels), or [microneedling](https://aedit.com/procedure/microneedling) and topical applications have proven to be effective in diminishing their appearance.

For in-office treatments, New York-based board certified dermatologist [Cheryl Karcher, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/cheryl-karcher-md-4323), recommends IPL or the Excel V, a [laser treatment](https://aedit.com/procedure/ablative-nonfractional-lasers) that targets the pigment. “The Excel V will target the individual sun spot," she says. "IPL can target the individual sun spot but can also do the entire face, arms or legs. Both treatments have some downtime and the patient cannot get sun for two weeks before the treatment or for two weeks after the treatment.”

While over-the-counter skincare products and prescription topical remedies have worked for some, their results usually cannot match those of in-office treatments. If you would prefer to use a cream or lotion to treat age spots, see a board certified dermatologist first. “Hydroquinone creams and creams with kojic acid have been found very useful in feeding sun spots,” Dr.Karcher says. “It can take a long time, but they can lighten the spots. Again, if a patient gets any sun on those spots it will take months for the spot to lighten.”

Each of these treatments vary in price and may require multiple sessions to see desired results. Regardless of which treatment you choose, age spots can reappear, so it is important to protect your skin from the sun. To properly protect your skin, [choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen](https://aedit.com/aedition/best-most-innovative-sunscreens-for-summer), which protects against both UVA and UVB rays, that is water-resistant and over SPF 30. Apply a liberal amount of lotion daily and re-apply every couple of hours to ensure you are fully protected. 

Have you ever wondered what the difference between a freckle and a sun spot is? Here's what you need to know and how to treat them.

What's The Difference Between Freckles and Sun Spots?

What's The Difference Between Freckles And Sun Spots?

shutterstock 507119224-min

Sun protection is like eating your vegetables. We know it is good for our health, but we don't always know exactly why and, not to mention, how to properly use it. What exactly are UV rays and what does SPF really mean anyway? Allow us to demystify everything you need to know about protecting your skin from the sun, just in time for summer vacation.

## **What Are UV Rays?** 

Ultraviolet Rays (UV rays) are potentially harmful rays that are emitted from the sun. While there are actually many types of UV rays, we are most concerned with UVA and UVB rays since they are correlated with skin cancers. 

All sunscreens protect against UVB rays because they are the main cause of sunburns and skin cancers. However, UVA rays can also contribute to skin cancer and premature aging. That's why it is important to choose products that are “broad-spectrum," which means they protect against both UVA and UVB rays.

## **What Does SPF Mean?**

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) comes into play because it measures how long the sunscreen will protect you from UVB rays (but not UVA rays). According to the American Cancer Society, you should choose an SPF of 30 or higher. In fact, the FDA has issued a requirement that anything containing SPF 15 or lower needs to have a warning label similar to non-broad-spectrum sunscreen. The higher the SPF number, the more protection it offers. However, keep in mind that as the SPF number increases, its efficacy is only marginally better. For example, SPF 15 filters out about 93 percent of UVB rays, while SPF 30 filters out about 97 percent, SPF 50 filters out about 98 percent, and SPF 100 about 99 percent. Currently, there is no sunscreen that offers 100 percent protection. 

## **Is Sunscreen the Same as Sunblock?**

Before we dive in, let’s clarify: sunscreen and sunblock are not the same. As the name implies, sunblock actually blocks UV rays from reaching the skin whereas sunscreen does not. Instead, sunscreen absorbs the UV rays when they reach the skin. The differences in sunscreen and sunblock lie in the ingredients. Sunblock is typically made from mineral ingredients like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Sunscreen, on the other hand, is made from chemical ingredients like benzophenones (oxybenzone), cinnamates (octyl methoxycinnamate and cinoxate), sulisobenzone, and salicylates.

## **Choosing The Best Sunscreen For You**

The right sunscreen for you is the sunscreen you will use. According to board certified New York dermatologist [Julie Russak, MD](https://aedit.com/provider/julie-russak-md-4645), “There is no real SPF number to determine whether a sunscreen is right for you, though we usually recommend at least SPF 50. I always convey to my patients that even if you apply SPF 50 but do not apply enough of it, it is not as effective. There’s a significant drop-off in your perceived SPF coverage when applying less than the recommended amount."

For your body, the FDA recommends applying a full shot glass-worth of sunscreen. "In reality, none of us do this and thus rarely apply the right amount of SPF," says Dr. Russak. "Based on this fact, I ultimately recommend patients use the highest SPF available because you will most likely be applying less than the amount recommended." 

According to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), most people only apply 25 to 50 percent of the recommended amount of sunscreen. It is important to apply to the tops of your lips, feet, neck, ears, and top of the head (if you have thinner hair) and to reapply every two hours or more often if swimming or sweating. 

Dr. Russak also advises being mindful of environmental factors that can contribute to how quickly you burn, like the altitude (the closer to the sun, the stronger the rays). 

You also need to remember that water-resistant sunscreen is not the same as waterproof. A truly waterproof and sweatproof sunscreen has yet to be developed. Water-resistant products cannot last a whole day and need to be reapplied at least every two hours. While water-resistant sunscreen can last up to 80 minutes while sweating or swimming, it can easily come off from the water or even be rubbed off when drying yourself with a towel.

## **What Sunscreen Ingredients Should You Look For?**

Dr. Russak recommends using a broad-spectrum mineral-based sunblock containing zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. "Mineral sunscreen is the best SPF for everybody," she says, as it typically can contain less preservatives and other fillers and can cause less irritation (which makes them perfect for sensitive skin).

"For the face, use a lighter mineral SPF intended specifically for facial use, which will blend easier," she says. "For the body, I recommend a mineral SPF in a spray form, especially for kids. I like EltaMD AERO for the body, it sprays white and you can see it on the skin. Kids can see it as they apply it, and so can I, before it blends into the skin and becomes invisible.”

## **What About People With Fair Skin?**

“People with fair skin have a higher risk of developing cancerous and precancerous lesions and should seek more shade than most. It’s crucial for someone with fair skin to apply broad-spectrum SPF more often and avoid the sun when it’s at its strongest (from noon to three PM)," says Dr. Russak.

## **What About People With Dark Skin?**

“Those with [dark skin](https://aedit.com/aedition/the-best-skin-treatments-for-dark-complexions) often think they do not need SPF, or at least not as much, but this is absolutely not true," says Dr. Russak. "People with dark skin are just as vulnerable to developing cancerous and precancerous lesions. I often encounter patients of darker complexions who avoid sunscreen altogether because they fear they’ll look ashy or white post-application. What they may not know is not all sunscreens are made the same, and there are great options offering an invisible or a more universal finish such as, Revision Intellishade.”

## **What Is The Proper Way To Apply Sunscreen When Wearing Makeup?**

"Apply on clean, dry skin and before putting on any makeup. Let the sunscreen absorb a little on the skin, while it forms a protective layer. Then, layer on the makeup on top of it,” says Dr. Russak. “In the summer, I recommend applying sunscreen at home before leaving the house.”

## **Why Is Sunscreen So Important?**

About 90 percent of non-melanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to UV rays from sunlight. And while UVA and UVB rays are directly linked to cancer, a lot of cases are preventable. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation (SCF), daily use of an SPF can cut the risk of developing melanoma in half. In addition to cancer, UVA and UVB rays are also directly correlated with skin aging. The SCF reports that an estimated 90 percent of skin aging is caused by the sun. 

Furthermore, sunscreen plays an important role in post-surgery healing. Because sunlight can cause darkening and discoloration around a [scar](https://aedit.com/procedure/embrace-scar-therapy), it is more critical than ever to wear sunscreen to help scars heal as properly as possible. 

Wearing sunscreen every day, not just at the beach or beside the pool, is essential to our overall health. The sun emits harmful UV rays year-round and even on cloudy days. In fact, snow, sand, and water can actually reflect the sun’s rays, making the need for sunscreen even stronger. And remember that sunscreens are designed to have a shelf-life of three years. If you have a bottle of sunscreen that is past its expiration date, it is no longer effective and should be thrown out.

Always remember that sun exposure and UVA/UVB rays are directly linked to skin cancer, premature aging, and discoloration of scars, so the most important thing for [skincare](https://aedit.com/aedition/9-ways-to-look-younger-without-surgery) and your overall health is consistent and complete broad-spectrum sun protection.

Allow us to demystify everything you need to know about protecting your skin from the sun, just in time for summer vacation.